Ranpo Edogawa is the pen name (a pun on the Japanese pronunciation of Edgar Allan Poe) of Taro Hirai (1894–1965).

Born on October 21 in Mie Prefecture, he moved to Tokyo at the age of seventeen to study economics at Waseda University.

Edogawa made his literary debut in 1923 with "The Two-Sen Copper Coin," a mystery short story, and would later go on to become a tireless promoter of the mystery genre in Japan.

He is best remembered today for the Kogoro Akechi and Boy Detectives Club mystery novels, published between 1936 and 1962. The two series regularly cross paths, the Boy Detectives acting as a kind of Baker Street Irregulars in the former and Kogoro Akechi featured as the go-to adult in the latter.

First serialized in the young adult pulps, these early versions of the light novel are fast and fun reads, with an emphasis on action, vivid passages, and clever but not overcomplicated plots.

Reminiscent of the Hardy Boys books, the Boy Detectives Club stories also overlap with Edogawa's Fiend with Twenty Faces series, the Fiend being a master of disguise and Detective Akechi's nemesis. Though comparisons to Moriarty spring to mind, the Fiend is more a high-minded Thomas Crown, committing elaborate crimes for the intellectual challenge and the thrill of the chase.

The relationship between Detective Akechi and the Fiend, one based on a grudging mutual respect, is thus closer to that between Inspector Zenigata and Arsène Lupin III, making these stories less whodunits than howdunits or whydunits.

Edogawa was an admirer of Edgar Allan Poe, Arthur Conan Doyle, and French mystery writer Maurice Leblanc (Arsène Lupin was Leblanc's creation), and integrated themes and characters from their stories into his own novels.

Inspector Zenigata as well is said to be a descendant of Zenigata Heiji, the Edo period detective series by the novelist Kodo Nomura, a contemporary of Ranpo Edogawa.

Edogawa's lifelong efforts as a writer and promoter of the western detective novel in Japan have been well-rewarded. Police procedurals and cozy mystery fiction are staples of Japanese television and dominate the best-seller lists. The genre is hugely popular in manga and anime.

In Gosho Aoyama's long-running Case Closed series (over 1140 episodes to date), the boy sleuth sports the alias of Conan Edogawa and he works alongside a private detective named Kogoro. Another deserved homage is the Edogawa Ranpo Prize, presented to the year's best debut mystery novel.

Nippon published a concise retrospective of Ranpo Edogawa's literary career by Kimie Itakura, featuring an interview with Takumi Ishikawa, professor of modern literature and culture at Rikkyo University.

The Ranpo Edogawa estate is managed by Rikkyo University at the Edogawa Rampo Memorial Center for Popular Culture Studies.